Education and Economics Essay

I. Presentation: The regular hypothesis of human capital created by Becker (1962) and Mincer (1974) sees instruction and preparing as the significant wellsprings of human capital gathering that, thus, have immediate and beneficial outcome on individuals’ life time profit. In the Mincerian procuring capacity, the coefficient of school years demonstrates the profits to instruction, I. e. , how much option in profit happens with an extra school year. There exists a wide scope of writing that evaluated the paces of profits to instruction for various nations [Pascharapoulos (1980; 1985; and 1994); Pascharapoulos and Chu Ng (1992)]1. In Pakistan, a large portion of the broadly agent family unit reviews don't contain data on factors, for example, finished long periods of tutoring, age beginning school, proficiency and numeracy aptitudes, nature of tutoring, and specialized preparing. Because of the inaccessibility of finished school years, one can neither register the potential experience nor watch the impact of an extra year of tutoring on singular profit. Along these lines, the accessible writing in Pakistan is inadequate in assessing the profits to instruction by utilizing the Mincerian acquiring function2. As of late, the administration of Pakistan has begun across the nation study, Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS), to address the lopsided characteristics in the social division. This review ? The creators are Senior Research Economist and Research Economist at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) Islamabad. 1 Pascharapoulos (1994) give an extensive update of the evaluated paces of profits to instruction at a worldwide scale. He watched high social and private gainfulness of essential instruction (18%and 9% separately) in all locales of world. The private pace of profits at this level were discovered most elevated in Asia (39%) when contrasted with different areas. He likewise noticed an extensive increment in complete profit by an extra year of instruction in all areas of world; 13% in Sub-Saharan Africa; 10% in Asia; 12% in Europe/Middle East/North Africa; and 12% in Latin America/Caribbean. 2 At national level, just two examinations are accessible in Pakistan that utilized the Mincerian procuring capacity way to deal with analyze the profits to instruction [see Shabbir and Khan (1991) and Shabbir (1994)]. Be that as it may, both these investigations depend on twenty years of age informational collection. 2 gives rich data on the previously mentioned factors that were absent in the prior family unit studies. This investigation utilizes the information of PIHS to look at the profits to instruction by utilizing Mincerian acquiring capacity and consequently means to fill the vacuum that, because of the absence of proper information, exists in the writing on comes back to training in Pakistan. In this paper we will initially evaluate the procuring capacity with consistent school a very long time with the suspicion of uniform pace of profits for all school years. It is contended that distinctive school years confer various aptitudes consequently we stretch out our examination to inspect the expansion in winning related with additional long periods of tutoring at various degrees of training, I. e. , how much increment in income happens with an additional time of tutoring at various levels, for example, essential, center, matric, transitional, lone wolves and experts. By doing so we defeat the difficult that exists in the accessible writing in Pakistan. As far as anyone is concerned no investigation has yet received this technique to look at the profits to training in Pakistan3. The effect of specialized preparing and school quality on the profit of fixed salaried and workers will be analyzed in this investigation. In light of the accessible information in Pakistan, the greater part of the investigations, for instance, Haque (1977), Hamdani (1977), Guisinger et al (1984), Khan and Irfan (1985), Ahmad, et al (1991); and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993a, 1993b, and 1996) assessed the acquiring capacities by characterizing the fake factors for various degrees of education4. These investigations watch low paces of profits at various degrees of instruction when contrasted with other creating nations. Be that as it may, a positive relationship between levels of training and profit and a reverse connection between the level of pay imbalance and instructive accomplishment has been noted. So as to look at the between 3 Most of the examinations on comes back to training in Pakistan utilized sham factors for various degrees of instruction where the paces of profits at various degrees of training are processed by the assessed coefficients. 4 In Pakistan, the information on training in the vast majority of the broadly delegate family overviews have been accounted for in discrete structure that indicates the fruition of various degrees of instruction, for example, ‘primary yet inadequate middle’, ‘middle and deficient matric’, etc. 3 commonplace differentials in comes back to training, Shabbir and Khan (1991) evaluated the Mincerian winning capacity by utilizing a broadly delegate test, drawn from the of Population, Labor Force and Migration Survey (1979) for the educated breadwinners and salaried guys. Later Shabbir (1994) assessed the acquiring capacity on the all-encompassing example of similar informational index. These investigations discovered 7 to 8 percent expansion in profit with an extra year of tutoring. In spite of the fact that the outcomes are predictable with those of tantamount LDCs yet may not mirror the ongoing improvements in Pakistan’s economy as these investigations depend on the informational collection which are 20 years of age now. Since 1979, the economy of Pakistan has gone through different changes, particularly after the origin of the Structural Adjustment Program in late 1980s. For instance, the proficiency rate has expanded from 26 percent to 45 percent and enrolment at essential level has expanded by 67 percent. Open and family unit consumptions on training have likewise expanded [Economic Survey (1998-99)]. In addition, because of the financial imperatives, the business openings in the open area have begun contracting and the economy is moving towards more transparency with more grounded job of private part as of late. In this situation, it gets basic to re-test the job of human capital as both private and open parts are moving towards more proficiency and profitability. This examination is significant from three angles. To begin with, so as to appraise the impact of instruction on profit, the latest and broadly agent family unit review information is utilized which gives point by point data on the factors that were absent in past studies. Second, it utilizes the splines of instruction in the winning capacity to analyze the extra profit related with additional school a very long time at various levels. Third, this examination researches the job of some significant factors, for example, specialized preparing, school quality, and education and numeracy abilities on income just because. 4 The remainder of the paper is sorted out as follows: area 2 presents a diagram of the instruction part. Segment 3 frameworks the model for exact estimation and depicts information. Area 4 reports the outcomes. Ends and strategy Implications are introduced in the last Section. II. The Education Sector in Pakistan: An Overview: Education assumes a significant job in human capital development. It raises the profitability and effectiveness of people and consequently creates talented labor that is fit for driving the economy towards the way of practical financial turn of events. In the same way as other creating nations, the circumstance of the training segment in Pakistan isn't empowering. The low enrolment rates at the essential level, wide inconsistencies among areas and sexual orientation, absence of prepared instructors, inadequacy of appropriate training materials and poor physical foundation of schools show the terrible showing of this division. The general education rate for 1997-98 was assessed at 40 percent; 51 percent for guys and 28 percent for females; 60 percent in urban zones and 30 percent in provincial regions. These rates are still among the most minimal on the planet. Because of different measures as of late, the enrolment rates have expanded significantly. Be that as it may, the high drop-out rate couldn't be controlled at essential level. Additionally, under-use of the current instructive foundation can be seen through low understudy organization proportion, (just about 18 understudies for each class per establishment) low educator establishment proportion (2 instructors for every foundation) and high studentteacher proportion (46 understudies for every educator). The amazingly low degrees of open venture are the significant reason for the horrible showing of Pakistan’s instruction segment. Open use on training stayed under 2 percent of GNP before 1984-85. As of late it has expanded to 2. 2 percent. What's more, the assignment of government reserves is slanted towards advanced education with the goal that the advantages of open endowment on instruction are to a great extent procured by the upper salary class. A large number of the exceptionally instructed 5 travel to another country either for advanced education or looking for better openings for work. The vast majority of them don't return and cause a huge open misfortune. After mid-1980s, every legislature reported exceptional projects for the improvement of the instruction segment. Notwithstanding, because of the political flimsiness, none of these projects could accomplish their objectives. The Social Action Program was propelled in mid 1990s to address the awkward nature in the social area. This program means to upgrade instruction; to improve school condition by giving prepared instructors, training helps and quality course readings; and to lessen sexual orientation and local variations. The Phase-I of SAP (1993-96) has been finished and Phase-II is in progress. The additions from the Phase-I are as yet easily proven wrong on the grounds that the ascent in enrolment proportion has not been affirmed by the free sources. Independent of this result, government has begun take a shot at Phase-II of SAP. In this Phase, government is giving unique consideration to advance specialized and professional instruction, extending advanced education in publ

How Shakespeare Present the Wood in ‘a Midsummer Night’s Dream’ Essay Sample free essay sample

In Shakespeare’s ‘Midsummer Night’s Dream’ we see two of import scenes investigated. the Athenian Court and The Wood. which present the somewhat resembled at this point varying universes of the Athenian sweethearts and the faeries severally. The Athenian Court. a topographic purpose of request and passionate bearing is in finished differentiation to the heavenly Wood. in which Torahs of normal methods of reasoning are opposed. â€Å"creatures are swifter than the moon’s sphere† and creatures can simple suit inside blossoms. for delineation. The conduct inside the wood is by unwritten guideline. whimsical. The problem between the quarreling Oberon and Titania is affecting the clime of the universe. the seasons have completely changed due to their activities. for outline. It is non simply the timberland conceived creatures who endure the exertion of nonsensical conduct. as Helena illustrates. Helena can non acknowledge the way that Dimitrius det ests her and even presents her sentiments as like the alluring power of metal upon metal â€Å"But you draw non press ( ie attractive ) . We will compose a custom paper test on How Shakespeare Present the Wood in ‘a Midsummer Night’s Dream’ Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I am steel ( unadulterated and solid. Consistent with him. as in unadulterated. ) † . In a similar sense she demonstrates an about nonvoluntary response to his quality â€Å"Leave your capacity to draw† . about proposing there is nil she can truly make to end the alluring power. She is drawn towards him. in spite of the fact that she realizes he is â€Å"hard hearted† like a lodestone ( referred to in this setting as an attractive stone. further supporting up the point that he resembles a magnet to her ) . but she claims to non be unfeeling. however every piece â€Å"true as steel† . demoing her forthcoming devotedness When Dimitrius reveals to her that he abhors her. †I love thee not† . Helena even cases that â€Å"Even for that. make I love thee more† . like each clasp she is told she can non hold Dimitrius. the more she needs him. Her unreasonable conduct arrives at the purpose of whole excusal of her Athenian legacy by the way that she is happy to liberated from her treasured virginity ( in Athenian Law. furthermore, past. i t was thought as cockamamie to get hitched a non virgin lady because of the liklehood that she would hold been pregnant and that the grown-up male would be constrained. without insight of the reality to bring up a child that is non his and a child that would no vulnerability acquire his home ) . Helena asserts that her life is neer a â€Å"desert place† ( forlorn ) when Dimitrius is about. furthermore, that â€Å"with the rich worth of her virginity† she was happy to permit Dimitrius handle her as though she is a â€Å"spaniel† ( important because of a spaniel’s genuineness to its owner ) . This is fascinating as it features the whole lack of respect for the Athenian law wherein they have only withdrawn from the energy about. Helena is eager to permit Dimitrius abuse her â€Å"Spurn me. work stoppage me† and her lack of sense of self dignity is to the full clear here. She even attempts to ground with her wild conduct by guaranteeing â€Å"It is non dim when I do see your face† . additionally. implying Dimitrius is her â€Å"world† . Portrayed by Puck. the Wood is the â€Å"Forests Wild† . in different footings: a topographic purpose of insidiousness lastly. happiness. In contrasting with the Torahs and to some degree concealment of Athens. Puck considers any to be as a plausible excuse for curve conduct and scoff: â€Å"What fools these people be† . Here is a wild society. where feelings are uncovered. In Athens. life is legitimized: like the three choices given to Hermia because of her hesitance to get hitched Dimitrius. The pixie universe. as opposed to Athens is non at all contained or overseen ( like the changes in seasons and the result of doing life a wretchedness for those outside of the wood. like an insufficiency of winter celebrations for the universes this twelvemonth ) . The most basic distinction all together is the lack of request inside the wood and the about absolutism endured inside the dividers of Athens-with Torahs that must be complied. The wood turns into a topographic purpose of peril ( notice the fight among Helena and Hermia ) . The absolutism is supplanted with the releasing of overmastering emotions and intensity for silly conduct. where the standards of society are overlooked ( ie Helena done thinking about her virginity ) .

Blog Archive Overcoming Networking Nerves

Blog Archive Overcoming Networking Nerves In this new blog series, our mbaMission Career Coaches offer invaluable advice and industry-related news to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. To schedule a free half-hour consultation with one of our mbaMission Career Coaches, click here. We all know that networking can be a daunting (yet very important) task in the job search process. Often, clients are nervous about approaching contacts and conducting networking meetings. And although having a certain amount of anxiety is very normal, finding ways to overcome those nerves is critical for success in your job search. Here are five ways to squelch your nerves: Reframe networking; it is just a conversation between two people. You have conversations at work or school all the time. In many of these conversations, you ask people for things or seek their advice. Networking is no different. Consider asking for a shorter window of time (e.g., 10 to 15 minutes versus 20 to 30 minutes). Take the pressure off; just call it a conversation. Focus on the outcome you desire instead of what could go wrong. Create and internalize a positive mantra (e.g., “I deserve to be here,” “I have a lot to offer”). Put yourself in the shoes of the person with whom you are talking; he/she is a human being, just like you. Remember that your contact has agreed to talk with you; he/she is willing to have this conversation. Nobody expects you to be perfect. Your contact’s actions or reactions could have little to do with you and much to do with  what is going on in his/her mind or life. Remember to breathe. Go easy on the caffeine! Drinking too much coffee will increase your heart rate, potentially exacerbating your feelings of nervousness. Show respect. Listen carefully. When you are a good listener, the conversation is likely to flow better. You will talk about things that help you achieve your goals but also interest your contact. It is about building rapport, not just gathering facts. Make it a two-way street; offer to reciprocate. You do not know if your contact is quietly looking for a new job, is seeking to understand the marketplace better, or has a family member who may be in search of a contact like you. Combat your fearsâ€"and recognize that many of them may be irrational. What are you most worried about happening? Armed with that answer, plan out how you can prepare if that worst thing happens (or perhaps realize that your worst-case scenario is fairly unlikely). What would you do? Determine whether (and what kind of) preparation will reduce your fears. Maybe consider role playing? Think about when you feel this type of fear elsewhere in your life. Why does it happen, and have you discovered any strategies to overcome it? Prepare. Set a reasonable goal for your conversation. Research your contact. Create an agenda, and draft customized questions before your call. Practice! Know your pitch, and be comfortable answering questions about your background and interests. Finally, acknowledge  (and maybe celebrate) the courage it took you to  step outside your comfort zone. Every conversation is both a win and a learning opportunity. Leverage the positive momentum of one conversation into your next one. Have you been admitted to business school? If so, do you want to get a head start on defining your career goals? Do you need help preparing for job interviews or learning how to effectively network with your target employers? Or maybe you want to be a top performer in your current role but are unsure how to maximize your potential. Let an mbaMission Career Coach help via a free 30-minute consultation! Share ThisTweet Career Advice MBA Career News

Elizabethan Pirates Essay - 1092 Words

Elizabethan Pirates Did you ever think that some pirates fought for their country? Contrary to what some might believe, Elizabethan pirates, or privateers, fought for Queen Elizabeth of England. Also, for various reasons they were called sea dogs and buccaneers. The privateers were actually encouraged by the government to pillage their enemies. Elizabethan privateers were enlisted and licensed by the government, were unified in their cause, focused more on capturing than destroying enemy ships, and were made famous through their victories. In the Elizabethan Era, England and Spain were in conflict due to their differences in religion. With the arrival of Queen Elizabeth, the official religion of England changed to Protestant (Religion†¦show more content†¦These pirates then became known as privateers because of their new alliances. A pirate will attack anybody, regardless of nationality, whereas a privateer has a license and will attack only the enemies of his/her country (Elizabeth’s Sea Dogs). Another interesting fact about privateers is that they were unified in their cause. Regular pirates have little to no affiliation with each other, whereas all the privateers that Queen Elizabeth hired worked together to achieve the same goal. Because of this, they accomplished very large feats. If they hadn’t worked together, winning the war would have been extremely difficult. The teamwork of the privateers is what intimidated the King of Spain and allowed them to severely damage the Armada (Sir Francis Drake). The unity of the privateers with the Royal English Navy also had a large impact on the war. If England was to win, teamwork between the Navy and the privateers was very important. If they hadn’t gotten along, several battles could have been lost just because of arguments. Elizabethan privateers focused on capturing ships rather than destroying them. This way, they and Queen Elizabeth could profit from their victories. If the privateers had destroyed the ships, there would have been no gain at all for the English. By capturing the ships, they acquired the loot and the shipsShow MoreRelatedTransportation in Elizabethan England Research Ppr Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesyears ago. In Elizabethan England, travel was very basic, just feet, hooves, and wheels on cobblestone streets (Singman 86). Ships were also very important to travel and colonization, for England is an island nation (Time Life Ed. 132). Many towns were put on navigable rivers just to make travel easier because many people in this time used rivers and oceans for transportation and sometimes delivery of goods (Singman 85). The most important components of transportation in Elizabethan England were landRead MoreElizabethan Age Nationalism Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagesof loyal subjects. 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Medical Record Security Essay - 1276 Words

Medical Record Security In the world of technology there are many types of threats to be considered when a hospital or health care facility depends on keeping their clients personal information private and safe from unauthorized people from viewing. When information safety, and regulations are considered by a healthcare facility it is held at high regards and high standards to assure that there is no chance of any information being leaked that should have been protected. A patients personal information should be kept safe from any unauthorized person from viewing, because a patients personal medical records can be used maliciously if it is viewed by anyone who is not authorized to view the information. In the healthcare field the†¦show more content†¦The disadvantage to a computer storage system is a large amount of people having access to medical records that are supposed to be confidential. 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The Cricket Match Essay - 1032 Words

â€Å"The Cricket Match† Samuel Selvon’s short story, â€Å"The Cricket Match† explores the subtle racial tensions amongst West Indian immigrants living in England whilst working with English counterparts. Selvon sets his narrative in a tyre factory in Chiswick, England. Most likely, the timeline in which this story occurs is somewhere in the mid 1950’s when England were still colonists of most of the English speaking Caribbean islands. The main idea behind Selvon’s tale lies with Algernon the protagonist, whose desire to fabricate his knowledge of cricket, so as to simultaneously impress but show disdain towards the Englishmen around him backfires because it is this self-proclaimed knowledge which places him into conflict. Selvon also†¦show more content†¦Selvon ingeniously crafts the resolution, though with slight absurdity, through a somewhat amusing and likable manner very similar to that of a picaresque novel. Algernon manages to compose an unenthusiastic team to pla y against the English team. Still, even more amusingly, the English players are equally afraid of Algernon’s team and vice-versa. The match commences with the West Indian eleven batting first, and displaying a commendable though fortuitous performance. Conversely, and perhaps conveniently though, rain begins to fall, hence bringing the match to an abrupt end. This resolution allows Algernon to save his ‘credibility’ and further taunt his English co-workers: ‘â€Å"If my bat didn’t fly out my hand†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ as if to say he would have lost the ball in the other county.’ and: â€Å"†¦ next cricket season I will get a sharp eleven together†¦ now if you want me to show you how I make that stroke†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This conclusion which Selvon employs gives Algernon a fairly roguish characteristic, and thus the picaresque similarity. Selvon’s plot structure is basically simple and straightforward. The narrator introduces the story and highlights the major flaw of the protagonist, which then manifests itself as a central part of the conflict. While the rising action begins to escalate, minor episodes relating to the conflict begin to surface, thereby enhancing the dramatic effect of the climax. 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Leadership and Employee Reaction to Change

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Employee Reaction to Change. Answer: Objective The objective of the study is to identify the role of leadership in executing an organization change. In addition, the study seeks to assess the employee reaction to organizational change in the business entity. The change management is an essential marketing and operational tool in a business enterprise. In the case of Israeli Public School system, the management of the organization has to play a decisive role in executing changes in the operational policies. Methodology In the article the research was done at Israeli public schools, at the time of executing a proper organization change. This was due to the lower student performance in the school over a considerable period of time. As such, the organization change that was implemented was expected to have a considerable impact on the performance of the students in schools. The primary characteristics that shall have to be considered are the size of the class as well as the terms of employment of the students. The essential recommendations that were made were the longer working hours including in the increase in the workload. However, the remuneration offered to the employees would be increased to attract talented individuals to work for the schools. The Ministry of Education has played a decisive role in the implementation of the change management in the organization. . The principals and the teachers in the school were the participants in the research process. This study shall assess the attitudes of the workforce employed in Israeli public schools. The principals have stated their views and the beliefs regarding the existing educational system and the change management policies that are to be implemented in the schools. The teachers in the school were asked to offer their pertinent views and opinion about their resistance to change. Besides this, the teachers were asked to about the behavior of the management group in the school and its implications on their job performance. Argument The change management policies that are to be implemented in the organization shall have to be evaluated in an in-depth manner to serve the purpose of the organization. As such, this is necessary for the business enterprise to facilitate smoother business operations and reduce the operational expenses of the organizations. According to Hayes (2014) mentioned that the change management policies should address a definite need of the organization. In the case of the Israeli schools, the performance of the students was falling for over a period of time. As such, this was matter of concern for the authorities. A number of benefits can be achieved through the implementation of the change management in schools. The schools in Israel are having a deep structure, technology as well as the organizational policies. Thus, Waddell et al. (2013) mentioned that the change management policies implemented shall have an impact on all the schools, which shall increase the overall standard of education in the country. As such, Nordin et al. (2012) noted that the leadership in the organization shall have to play a definite role in the guiding the organization towards executing the necessary changes in the organization. In the context of the Israeli schools, the principal of the school shall have to identify the existing discrepancies in the existing operational policies of the business entity. However, Contrafatto and Burns (2013) noted that the primary factor that can hamper the implementation of the change is the resistance to change within the organization and outside. Thus, the change management policies are a joint effort among all the stakeholders in the organization. The rise in the remuneration of the teachers shall lead to better job performance of the teachers. As s such, the remuneration offered shall be assessed as per the performance of the students. In this regard, By et al. (2012) stated that the change management perspectives in the organization shall have to be eva luated before taking any pertinent measure. It is the primary responsibility of the human resource department to address any skill and competency issues that might be there in the school. To assist the school in achieving academic excellence, the teachers would have to participate in training schemes to enhance their skill levels. It is expected that this would enable the students in progressing in studies and in other extras curricular activities. Kidron et al. (2016) mentioned that raising the awareness levels among the changes that are to be implemented is very important. It can be said that this would assist the management to convince the various parties existing within the school. These would be an essential determinant on workplace behavior, interrelationships among the co-workers in the organization. Conclusion/Findings In the context of the public schools in Israel, the implementations of organizational change were necessary due to the lowering of the educational standards among the students. As such, the organizational change was expected to bring certain structural changes in the organization. In addition, the remuneration of the teachers shall also have to be increased to retain the talented professionals in the organizations and reduce the attrition rate. Besides this, an organizational change management implementation would bring about the necessary changes in substantial part of the educational system in Israel. Since the schooling system in Israel is uniformly built having similar organizational hierarchy and functions this shall have positively ensure the academic progress of the students throughout the country. The raising of the remuneration levels of the teachers shall have an impact on the job performance. As such, the remuneration of the teachers shall be linked to the remuneration of the teachers. With the implementation of the change management policies in the organizations, there shall be training schemes to raise the level of skill among the teachers. The lower level of performance among the teachers in the schools was attributed to the discrepancies existing within the educational system of school. As such, these factors have been hampering the academic progress of the students. Therefore, it becomes essential to identify such factors that can have an influence on the operational processes of the business entity. The Implications for Managers The organization change process is expected to bring positive developments to the organizational change process in the organization. As such, the managers working in the business entity shall have to understand the needs of the educational system in the organization. Special attention must be given to every student in the schools and their weaknesses. In this regard, Tudor (2014).noted those managers are the change drivers in the organization and shall take the primary responsibility in leading the organization to the change. As such, the mangers in the organization shall have a definite role to play in forming the change management policies in the business entity. Millar et al (2012) stated that in the case of the Israeli public schools, the principals are the people that are primary responsible in executing the organization change in the organization. As such, they have to create the necessary awareness levels in the organization to convince the various stakeholders involved in the public schooling system of school about the necessity of the organizational changes Strength Following are the strengths of the organizational changes in the organization. Recruitment of talented professionals- Burnes (2016) stated that recruitment of talented professionals would be one of the benefits of organizational change in the organization. Thus, this helps the schools to offer superior education services to the students studying in the schools. The level of education There shall be enhancement in the level of education offered to the students. Cameron and Green (2015) stated that the organizational change is expected to address the primary issue of decreasing levels of the quality of education offered in the schools. The organizational change policies in the organization shall re-innovate the total organizational structure of the school and shall have a positive impact on the organizational processes of the business entity. Greater coordination A greater coordination shall be obtained between the various departments in the organizations as a result of the organization process changes in the school. Callan et al. (2013) mentioned that such processes shall be essential to identify the existing discrepancies in the operational processes of the business entity. As such, this shall one of the principal benefits that can be achieved through the implementation of the change management in the schools. Weaknesses Following are the weaknesses of organizational changes in the context of the Israeli public educational system Resistance to change Initially, there would be resistance among the workforce to the alterations made in the operational policies of the schools. As such, this can seriously hamper the implementation of the change management procedures (Booth, 2015). This is a very possible threat to the business sustainability of the business. Therefore, this is a negative aspect of the change management procedures in the business entity. Increasing operational costs There would be increase in the operating costs as a result of the change management procedures implemented. Therefore, the public schools shall have to consider this fact before forming the operational policies. In many cases, this has an adverse effect on the financial condition of the organization. References Booth, S. A. (2015). Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Burnes, B., Hughes, M., By, R. T. (2016). Reimagining organisational change leadership. Leadership, 1742715016662188. By, R. T., Burnes, B., Oswick, C. (2012). Change management: Leadership, values and ethics. Journal of Change Management, 12(1), 1-5. Callan, V., Paulsen, N., Ayoko, O., Johnston, M. (2013). Transformational leadership, team identity, team effectiveness and follower satisfaction during large scale organisational change. In EURAM13: 13th Annual Conference of the European Academy of Management 2013. European Academy of Management (EURAM). Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015). Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Contrafatto, M., Burns, J. (2013). Social and environmental accounting, organisational change and management accounting: A processual view.Management Accounting Research, 24(4), 349-365. Hayes, J. (2014). The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Kidron, A., Ofek, Y., Cohen, H. (2016). New Perspective on the Black Box of Internal Auditing and Organisational Change. Managerial Auditing Journal,31(8/9). Millar, C., Hind, P., Magala, S. (2012). Sustainability and the need for change: organisational change and transformational vision. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25(4), 489-500. Nordin, N., Deros, B. M., Wahab, D. A., Rahman, M. N. A. (2012). A framework for organisational change management in lean manufacturing implementation. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 12(1), 101-117. Tudor, L. (2014). Management Of Organisational Change In The Context Of Sustainable Development. Calitatea, 15(S1), 484. Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. (2013). Organisational change: development and transformation. Cengage Learning.

Labor In Los Angeles 1870-1939 free essay sample

History of unions, 1870-1939, in era of political machines. Background, ethnic issues, economics, rural vs. urban workers, ideology, strikes. This research examines the political development of the City of Los Angeles during the patronage period. For the purposes of this research, the term patronage period is defined as the 1870-1939 time frame. In reality, patronage never disappears from political activity. Therefore, in effect, this research reviews a period in Los Angeles when the functioning of patronage or machine politics was more or less openly acknowledged. Background on the Period The late-nineteenth century in the United States was a period of rapid social transformation (Lee 539). The old political instit

Our American Journey essays

Our American Journey essays My American Journey, an insight into a whirlwind life of a once discriminated young boy who alters into a world leader. General Colin Powell was born in New York City in 1937 to parents whom were native to the island of Jamaica. General Powell matured into the man he is today in the South Bronx of New York and later entered into his military career. Through this book General Powell recollects his young childhood and the battles he faced with it, continuing with his internal and external battles in Vietnam, and lastly his rise to true American Fame as a government servant to our nation. The General's childhood this is what truly molded him. General Powell was a minority and felt the hardships of this non-self-proclaimed title. The General grew up in the South Bronx of New York City being raised by poor parents. It was although seen that the General did not let this hinder him to his full potential. Preceding the afterward in the General's autobiography he lists rules that apply to his life. The very first rule listed comes from this, his childhood circumstances, which states "It aint as bad as you think. It will look better in the morning." General Powell obviously took this note very much to heart for he conquered his physical appearances and graduated from the City College of New York to move onto his military career. General Powell let himself be applied to life and did not obey what society wanted him to do. He was going to be known for the world was going to experience him and deep inside himself he knew this. Learning about General Powell's early childhood allowed me to see early African American movements more on their standpoint. It is quite evident as we read our history books that African Americans battled great hardships and the white males truly battered the African Americans inner strength. Through the General retelling his experiences the once sympathetic feeling I had towards them now dampered for it now made ...

Portfolio from Qatar exchange Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Portfolio from Qatar exchange - Assignment Example ty of giving maximum returns, but also include in the investment basket of less risky investment assets, with intent of minimizing the investment loss should one asset suffer poor performance (Daniel et al. 1998). As behavioral scientists suggest, most investors tend to be risk averse and taking this into consideration, I carried out proper analysis of the market before deciding on the best class of assets to invest in. This is done by looking at the historical performance of the desired shares to gain a better understanding and hence forecasting of the possible future performance. In the course of carrying out an investment in the money and capital markets, an investor should be up to date with the market information as it plays a bigger part in determining the equity price movement. Also, in considering investing in the stock market an investor should carry out thorough study of the companies in which he intends to purchase the stocks by paying much attention to its financials, the management and also its future plans. Further, for an investor to realize his investment goal, they should adopt an investment strategy that is consistent with his risk tolerance attitude failure to which a mismatch could otherwise lead to maximum loses. The following set of measurements was conducted to assess the performance of different classes of portfolio. We used these tests to perform Treynor Measure, which helped us decide on the best portfolio select the best portfolio among the six options, which has the lowest risk The best portfolio is one that balance returns with risk. Treynor Measure can be used to measure the success of the successful portfolios, by reviewing both risk and return together. To estimate risk, Treynor Measure takes into consideration the beta coefficient, which measures the volatility of the portfolio to the market (HÃ ¼bner 415). The following formula is used to calculate Treynor Measure: In this case, beta is represented by the standard deviation;

Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance - Assignment Example joint venture. Sainsbury’s offers food and non-food items at its supermarkets and convenience stores along with that it also operate online grocery store and general merchandise operations. Sainsbury operates almost 1106 stores that includes 583 supermarkets and 523 convenience stores. Company also holds interest in freehold and long lease hold properties and also the properties that come under their joint venture agreements. In its financial services sectors it provides credit cards, insurance, loans and savings advices also relating to energy efficiency at customer homes. Sainsbury also provides selection of movies, music, books, games and other entertainment products (Yahoo, 2013). Sainsbury’s holds almost 18% share of the UK supermarket and is the second largest supermarket chain in the country. Despite the fact that Sainsbury is the UK’s second largest supermarket chain it is the returns that the company offers that would attract the investors and the share towards the company not the quality of the services or the size of company itself. In order to understand how much value is given or created by the Sainsbury to its shareholders and investors it is important that analysis of it’s incomes, returns that it offers, its operations, liquidity position and the growth that it offers in the future is thoroughly made. Thus to get the full understanding cash flow analysis along with its income statement is made to have idea about its liquidity position. Both inflow and outflow of cash in the company is assured through three different activities that the company goes through operating, investing and financing. All three activities of Sainsbury are discussed as follow. Over the past three years Sainsbury’s Plc. have been reporting net income however as analysis of its profit margins are done it is seen that in the current period its profit margins re lagging behind to that of the industry average. It can be said that the company is

Hunting song Essay Example for Free

Hunting song Essay This story, â€Å"Hunting Song†, helps us envision the deer hunting tactics of the Navajo people. Although the true moral of this story is terrifying, the author of this poem wrote it in a way that it sounds almost peaceful. He uses beautiful, environmental imagery such as the mountains and dewy flowers to help us picture this scene better in our minds. This story teaches us about the Navajo song writing tradition, their appreciation towards the deer, and their hunting tactics. A major aspect of the Navajo culture is song writing. The people practically wrote songs for most of their activities, such as hunting. They have many, many songs that describe the many different facets of life. The song, Hunting Song is one of the more superior songs out of all the rest. That is because it was said by the Navajo bards, that the deer transformed itself into human. This explains why the hunter of this story was very content with killing this deer. It shows how the hunter may have felt proud to have caught an animal that is so incredible. The tribe’s appreciation for the deer is amazing. This song is basically a sacred verse for killing the deer. It’s incredible how the Navajo people are so thankful. For instance, people nowadays, in Korean society, kill cows and pigs. However, they do not particularly feel appreciative towards them. This song helps us understand how the Navajo are one with nature. It teaches the importance of the animals and helps us value what we receive in life. Although there is insufficient information in this story to figure out how they hunt, we can get a general consensus of it. In the last stanza, the author stated how he killed the deer by the â€Å"luck of (his) chase. † This last part helps me picture a man holding a spear, chasing the deer. However, we do not know if that is how the deer actually died. The fun part of this is that the author left the hunting techniques out so that his audience may imagine many other ways the hunter could have murdered the deer. From evaluating this hunting song, I was convinced that we all should appreciate and take value of our surroundings. I was surprisingly very inspired by the Navajo culture. It made me think of the time when I went hunting with my friend’s family back in the States. Although I didn’t recite a sacred verse to the elk we killed, I now know that I should the next time I go hunting. I feel as though I’ve learned so much about the people of Navajo and their traditions. Hunting Song teaches us about the Navajo song writing tradition, their appreciation toward the deer, and their awesome hunting tactics.

Symbols and Symbolism in Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper :: Gilman Yellow Wallpaper Essays Papers

Symbols and Symbolism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reflecting their role in society, women in literature are often portrayed in a position that is dominated by men. Especially in the nineteenth century, women were repressed and controlled by their husbands as well as other male influences. In "The Yellow WallPaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the protagonist is oppressed and represents the effect of the oppression of women in society. This effect is created by the use of complex symbols such as the house, the window, and the wall-paper which facilitate her oppression as well as her self expression. It is customary to find the symbol of the house as representing a secure place for a woman's transformation and her release of self expression. However, in this story, the house is not her own and she does not want to be in it. She declares it is "haunted," and that "there is something queer about it." Although she acknowledges the beauty of the house and especially what surrounds it, she constantly goes back to her feeling that "there is something strange about the house." Her impression is like a premonition for the transformation that takes place in herself while she is there. In this way the house still is the cocoon for her transformation. It does not take the form of the traditional symbol of security for the domestic activities of a woman, but it does allow for and contain her metamorphosis. The house also facilitates her release, accommodating her, her writing and her thoughts. These two activities evolve because of the fact that she is kept in the house. One specific characteristic of the house that symbolizes not only her potential but also her trapped feeling is the window. Traditionally this symbol represents a view of possibilities, but now it also becomes a view to what she does not want to see. Through it she sees all that she could be and everything that she could have. But she says near the end, "I don't like to look out of the windows even - there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast." She knows that she has to hide and lie low; she has to creep in order to be a part of society and she does not want to see all the other women who have to do the same because she knows they are a reflection of herself.

Family Approach Research Paper Essay

Abstract This research paper will in detail find influences donating to the degeneration of African American marriages, increase of African American divorces, and how structural family therapy can impact it. Structural Family Therapy was developed by Salvador Minuchin and his associates in the 1960s due to the growing curiosity in alternative ways of hypothesizing suffering and familial dilemmas. Structural family therapy is reinforced by an undoubtedly expressed model of family functioning, and has been developed and used reliably in counseling sessions for children and their families (Ginginch & Worthington, 2007, 343). Also, this report will examine what can be done to change this disturbing status amongst African American families. Monetary, emotional, and cognitive stability are a few of the common reasons and profits of marriage. Studies have discovered that marital couples in contrast to unattached couples are better-off, healthier, less stressed, and tend to live well into their mid-80s (Pindgerhughes, 2002, p. 269). Thus, there are numerous welfares of being married; it could be assumed that matrimony would be a shared objective for most citizens regardless of race. However, studies have publicized a radical deterioration of marriages inside the African American families alongside an increase in separations. African Americans are the least expected to wed, when they wed, they complete this task later in life, spending a smaller amount of time wedded than White Americans, and are more likely to become divorced. Keywords: African American, Marriages, Structural Family Therapy, Minuchin Family Approach Research Paper African American Marriages There is a strong importance for research of the state of African American and marriage because there have been major changes from past African Americans’ marriages relating to this major decline. According to the National Center on African American Marriage and Parenting’s (NCAAMP) Marriage Index, in 1970, 70.3% of African Americans were wedded and those ratios steadily fallen about 61% in 1982, 51.2% in 1992, 38.9% in 2003, and  41.7% in 2010. The rate is declining so noticeably that marriage has been referred to as an â€Å"alternative life† for African Americans (Dixon, 2009). The NCAAMP’s marriage index exposed the proportions of wedded Americans which comprises 77.8% in 1970, 70.1% in 1980, 59.3% in 1990, 62% in 2000, and 59.7% in 2008. An assumption can be drawn from the above Marriage index reports that there is certainly an important variance between all married Americans and married African Americans along with a change in rates of matrimony fr om 1980 to modern periods. Additionally, the declining rates of marriage, African Americans seem to be at greater hazard for matrimonial instability (Dixon, 2009, p. 30). Many of these influences are related to high male imprisonment, low sew ratio, poverty, uncertainty toward marriage and premarital sex. Rendering to research, there are numerous dynamics affecting the decline in marriages and rise of divorces among African Americans. These influences can be characterized as organizational, ethnic, individual, and interactive. Organizational issues as economic and demographic are most commonly focused on during the course of history. The extreme sex ratios between African American males and females have emotional impact on the African American nuptial rates (Rowe, 2007, p. 19). In 2003 there were an estimated 1.8 million more African American females in the population than males (U.S. Census, 2005 & Pinderhuges, 2002, 269). Another donating feature is the high confinement and mortality rate of African American males (Hill, 2006, p. 421). African American males make up about seven percent of the populace but over fifty-one percent of the prison population (DuCille, 2009, p. 605). Furthermore, the desire to marry women of different races and choosing homosexual lifestyles contribute to the African American marriage rates. Another major issue that makes African American males less desirable for marriage is their struggles of the workforce. The joblessness rate among African American males has been consistently twice that of White American men from the time of the 1930s (Holland, 2009, p. 113). Research has also discovered that companies show negative opinions of African American men comprising that they are indolent, unreliable, deceitful, contain little work ethic, drag their feet, have deprived verbal skill and many others characteristics. Consequently, these men do not have the capability to deliver for their families also make African American men postpone marriage and also become regarded as less  wanted to espouse by the female population. The second sort of factor studied is ethnical. There has been shifting cultural trends disturbing African American marriage. The sexual revolt, gay and lesbian efforts, and activist movement are activities that distress wedding rates. Forty years ago, sex without marriage was not acceptable, but now it is a communal standard of culture. The feminist movement allowed women to obtain advanced positions in the labor force declining their dependence on males, triggering them not to marry or endure unhappy marriages. And, unconventional lifestyles were presented through the gay and lesbian population (LaTaillade, 2006, p. 327). Moreover, living together (cohabitation) is a cumulative behavior particularly within the African American community. Historically, living with a partner before marriage was unacceptable, but is now widespread among African Americans and many other races. In contemporary times, individuals are determining on gaining independence before becoming married (Dixon, 2009, p. 31). The mass media industries and the way relationships are depicted on television and through music contribute to the marriage decline. Because of the support of extended family networks, divorce may seem less detrimental, making it more of an option when marriages are faced with challenges among African Americans (Hill, 2006, p. 439). Individual factors are tided in by considering individuals’ desire to marry, features they look for in spouses and what makes them commit to a relationship. For an individual to get marry the desire to be married has to be present. One study found that when compared to White American men, African American men, anticipate less improvement from marriage in their sex lives and personal friendships and these account for most of the difference in the desire to marry (Holland, 2009, 107). The mate desired characteristics and expectation of marriage and whether it is realistic plays a major role in marriage. Similar to other cultures, African Americans generally believe in the husband being superior economically, educationally and acts as the provider of the family. Unfortunately for African American women, when compared to African American men, they are more likely to attend college and to marry someone below their educational and professional status. This pattern of education continues as two-thirds of African American college graduates are women (Hill, 2006, p. 423). The desire to commit is another donating factor in related to marriage. Recent studies  have revealed the beliefs of African American males having the incapacity to pledge to an eternal relationship. Lastly, as stated above separation rates are greater amongst African Americans than another culture. The features cited directly above are funding to these separation rates as well as African American not having the means to allow them to uphold vigorous long-lasting relationships. Studies have also displayed that the African American population is less expected to pursue marriage therapy adding to the state of African American divorce rate currently. Structural Family Therapy Structural family therapy (SFT) is a counseling technique of therapy developed by Salvador Minuchin which addresses problems in functioning inside a family. Structural Family Therapists attempt to pass in, or â€Å"connect†, the family in therapy in order to understand the boundaries and rules which oversees its effectiveness, record the associations between family members or amongst subsystems of the family, and eventually interrupt dysfunctional relations within the household, triggering it to become stable into healthier arrangements. Minuchin states that dysfunction does not rest in the singular identification, but within the entire family system. Minuchin’s tactic is originated on the interrelationship of the entire, and the foundation that individuals cannot be detached from the whole. Therefore, Minuchin assumed that a change in the conduct of one household member will necessitate a consistent transformation in the behavior of other family member. Duplicate roles can affect the ability for a mother to parenting effectively. For example, a mother attempting to a both a parent and a friend or a father that was forced to raise his younger siblings (Rowe, 2007, p, 23). Structural therapists view the facilitation of structural variations in the dysfunctional family as the main objective, supposing that individual behavioral modifications as well as lessening of altercations will follow as the framework for the family’s communication changes (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013, p. 329). The structural family model expresses families as systems and subsystems, roles and rules (flexible and adaptable to changes), boundaries, power, and hierarchy. Minuchin defines a functional family as one unit with clear boundaries between individuals and subsystems, promotes growth, and prevents  interruption. The primary objective when utilizing Minuchin’s model is assisting the family to change its structure or its organization. For instance, he stated that establishing a structure in which members and subsystems are clearly differentiated from one another and hierarchically integrated. Minuchin and other structuralists perceive standard family life as always altering and as a result endlessly creating adjustments to altering circumstances. What distinguishes functional from dysfunctional families is the flexibility in functional families to change or modify its structure to adjust to changing life cycle stages or to adjust to role changes or situational crises. The clarity of boundaries between subsystems within the family, and an effectively functioning spousal subsystem, help ensure stability despite changing conditions (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013, p. 472). Due to a recent mounting body of empirical evidence, studies continue to verify the value of structural family therapy. This method it was widely evaluated during the 1980s by radical novelists and during the 1990s by those interested in the allegations of a social constructionist point of view. Structural family therapy continues to progress in response to experiments built from within the systemic field, and as part of integrative practice and multisystem approaches, with practitioners ever mindful of the need for regular feedback from family members themselves (Rowe, 2007, p. 21). By 1965, Minuchin had become director of the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, originally in the heart of the African American ghetto, where he focused on intervention techniques with low- income families (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013, p. 130). The structural approach to therapy has been critiqued and has withstand various experiments from disbelievers; nevertheless, it has withstood throughout the years. Personal Integration The trial of integrating Christian and non-Christian clients fluctuates between different counselors. When clients unambiguously expressed a want for Christian counseling, for example, if a client initiates a prayer within a counseling session. The Bible frequently assists clients to absorb; the implementation of scriptures can inspire progression within the session. Between sessions homework examining particular biblical themes likewise inspire development. For instance, our Worthington text states that the use  of interventions make change sensible, and thus increases hope. Such interventions can involve physical manipulations, behavioral actions or interactions or making physical products (such as reports, written lists or tapes) that are completed and verbally processed. Worthington (2005) also stated that any theory of marital counseling can be used along with the counselor’s favorite techniques. The requirements of integration are increased hope and willpower, fit within the strategic framework, and make change sensible to clients (p. 262). I believe that the frequency of use of scriptures should be guided by the consumer’s articulated openness. Although traditionally I am trained as a counselor not to reference spirituality or religion unless it is first stated by the client, I believe that many consumers who are not currently attending church would be reassured when I fling open that door. After which they can be provided the opportunity to walk through the door, lock it, or leave it partly open to be entered once ready. If my clients were to inquire for details on my beliefs, I would openly speak about my spiritual journey but also specify that I still have a ways to go. Conversely, this does not take the practice of preaching on my individual Christian principles, or persisting them to trust what I have faith in. In addition, I could look for openings to propose the matter of religiousness and faith in an overall sense as a portion of my holistic approach; I would like to reassure my clienteles to discover the notion that stability in emotional and mental remedies are not exclusively associated with the rectifying of a particular issue; rather, comprehensiveness in therapeutic healing must integrate the multiple magnitudes of the client. With this instruction and initial outline, it would be up to my client to make the decision to discover how their faith and current behavior are correlated to the complications that have been facing and how their spiritual philosophies influence their mental and physical healing. Studies proposes, that it is highly probable that counselors greatly misjudge â€Å"the sum of consumers that are experiencing faith-based problems due to† consumers â€Å"frequently misguided norms that religious concerns were not suitable for conversation† in conditions that were not plainly defined as Christian therapeutic settings (Worthington Jr, 2005, p. 262). Spiritual Genograms In this course, I began to understand how past generational beliefs can still impact my current viewpoint with assumptions and predisposition. As a result, I believe that it would be important for my clients to understand their spiritual journey on both a personal and generational level. During this course, we complete a genogram in order to observe certain behavioral and health patterns; however, I would like to integrate spiritual â€Å"family trees† into my counseling sessions. Spiritual histories, spiritual lifemaps, spiritual genograms, spiritual ecomaps, and spiritual ecograms are five harmonizing assessment approaches that have recently been developed to highlight different aspects of clients’ spiritual lives. Spirituality can be agreed as the client’s connection with (their) God, and religious beliefs can been understood as flowing from spirituality, the open expression of the spiritual bond in specific views, approaches, and principles that have been est ablished in a community with other individuals who hold similar experiences of transcendence (Hodges, 2005). Consequently, spirituality and religion are similar yet present differences. Therapists must understand that a single assessment approach is not ideal for all consumers and circumstances. The assessment tools examined in this article was purposefully designed to highlight different aspects of clients’ spiritual worldview. In a counseling session, these assessment methods can become a useful resource to providers that require assistance with clients handling with challenging issues. These interventions can be used as coping strategies since the user can visibly see their peer support networks on paper. Spiritual assessments are beneficial for clients that have misplaced their connection with God; spiritual ecograms permits the user to see where their spiritual journey is currently and where it used to be. For example, it may benefit clients with major depressive symptoms to recognize support organizations such as professional group memberships, church, and household. An alternative intervention to complete this task would be spiritual ecomaps. Counselors geared with this assessment, can assist their clients survey their previous and existing domestic and faith-based support systems. Subsequently, some assessment approaches will be implemented more effectively in some situations but preferably these assessments are seamless for clients that have gone astray. Various assessments can be used to meet the needs of the client; however, certain assessments may be more operative  with some clients than others. Consequently, the therapist must primarily evaluate the clients’ needs and what they wish to gain from counseling. This will support the therapist in selecting a suitable spiritual intervention approach. If I am offered a client that desires to change to a diverse faith but it religiously disorganized, I would implement spiritual genograms. This intervention would aid counselors to view if the clients’ preceding descendants all practiced the same religion. Accordingly, I could determine that the client has an admiration for customs which is producing the spiritual misperception. A consumer may want to change to a different spiritual belief system but does not want to insult their families; this approach can be paired with spiritual ecograms; letting them to evaluate their previous and current rapport with God. After assessing their support systems and their spiritual journey, the client could productively create the judgment on whether to alter their religion or not; the therapist should not make this choice for them. In my opinion, couples should undergo marriage education and counseling before being able to marry. My marriage and family counseling session would contain the data of African American marriages since couples need to have insight on the problem in order to prevent from being a part of the problem. Hence, unions would gain awareness on the low marriage and high divorce rates within the African American community. Thereafter, perhaps these marriages would fight harder for their marriages and maintaining their families. Conclusion In conclusion, couples receiving education on the state of African Americans marriage and divorce along with counseling prepare them with the utensils required to maintain a healthy marriage. I believe that any union seeking assistance would profit with these counseling technique both prior and during the course of marriage. Additionally, I also have faith that this these methods can produce an upsurge in couples getting and/or staying married and a reduction in the shockingly elevated rates of African American divorces. References Berenson, S.K. (2011). Should Cohabitation Matter in Family Law?. Journal of Law & Studies, 13(2), 289-328. Burton, L.M., Winn, D., Stevenson, H., & Clark, S. (2004). Working with African American Clients: Considering the â€Å"Homeplace† in Marriage and Family Therapy Practices. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 30(4), 397-410. Clarkwest, A. (2006). Premarital Characteristics, Selection into Marriage, and African American Marital Disruption. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37(3), 361-380. Dixon, P. (2009). Marriage Among African Americans: What Does the Research Reveal?. Journal of African American Studies, 13(1), 29-46. DuCille, A. (2009). Marriage, Family, & Other â€Å"Peculiar Institutions† in African American Literary History. American Literary History, 21(3), 604-617. Gingrich, F., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2007). Supervision and the integration of faith into clinical practice: Research considerations. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 26(4), 342-355. Goldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, I. (2013). Family therapy: An overview (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brookes/Cole. Hill, S. A.(2006). Marriage Among African American Women: A Gender Perspective. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37(3), 421-440. Hodge, D. R. (2005). Developing a Spiritual Assessment Toolbox: A Discussion of the Strengths and Limitations of Five Different Assessment Methods. Health & Social Work, 30(4), 314-323. Holland, R. (2009). Perceptions of Mate Selection for Marriage Among African American, College- Educated, Single Mothers. Journal of Counseling & Development, 87(2), 170-178. Kostenberger, A. J., & Johns, D. W. (2004). God, marriage, and family: Rebuilding the biblical foundation. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books. ISBN: 9781581345803. Leslie, L. A., & Letiecq, B.L. (2004). Marital Quality of African American and White Partners in Interracial Couples. Personal Relationships, 11(4), 559-574. Marsh, K., Darity Jr., W.A., Cohen, P. N., Casper, L.M., & Salters, D. (2007). The Emerging Black Middle Class: Single and Living Alone. Social Forces, 86(2), 735-762. Martin, T. L., & Bielawski, D. M. (2011). What is the African American’s Experience Following Imago Education?. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51(2), 216-228. Mc. Clain, C. (2011). Family Stories: Black/ White Marriage During the 1960s. Western Journal of Black Studies, 35(1), 9-21. Pinderhughes, E. B. (2002). African American Marriage in the 20th Century. Family Process, 41(2), 269. Rowe, D. M. (2007). Marriage and Fathering: Raising Our Children Within the Context of Family and Community. Black Scholar, 37(2), 18-22. Worthington, E. (2005). Hope focused marriage counseling: A guide to brief therapy. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press.

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